{
  "id": "presidential-turnout",
  "slug": "presidential-turnout",
  "title": "Voting totals versus turnout percentages",
  "tag": "CENSUS / TURNOUT",
  "unit": "Percent of CVAP; voter and registration counts in millions",
  "kind": "turnout",
  "metric": "turnout_pct",
  "measure": "Census CPS Voting and Registration Supplement; 2020 and 2024 self-reported voting of citizen voting-age population (CVAP)",
  "geography": "United States; survey-estimated civilian noninstitutionalized CVAP",
  "observation_type": "Two presidential elections, 2020 and 2024",
  "coverage": "November 2020 and November 2024",
  "overview": "Election-turnout headlines change when using the voting-age population, citizens, registered voters or raw votes. Here both displayed percentages use the same CVAP denominator.",
  "caution": "CPS estimates are survey-based self-reports, not certified election returns. 2024 '154 million' and '174 million' are rounded release estimates; the counts are not exact. No causal conclusion from two election years.",
  "columns": [
    {
      "key": "year",
      "label": "Election year"
    },
    {
      "key": "turnout_pct",
      "label": "Voted / CVAP (%)"
    },
    {
      "key": "voters_millions",
      "label": "Estimated voters (millions)"
    },
    {
      "key": "registered_millions",
      "label": "Estimated registered (millions)"
    }
  ],
  "rows": [
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "label": "2020",
      "turnout_pct": 66.8,
      "voters_millions": 154.6,
      "registered_millions": 168.3,
      "source_id": "census-2020"
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "label": "2024",
      "turnout_pct": 65.3,
      "voters_millions": 154.0,
      "registered_millions": 174.0,
      "source_id": "census-2024"
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "census-2020",
      "agency": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "title": "Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2020",
      "url": "https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2022/demo/p20-585.pdf",
      "published_on": "2022-02-17",
      "checked_on": "2026-10-11",
      "locator": "Table 1 and Figure 1: 2020 CVAP turnout and estimated registered/voting totals"
    },
    {
      "id": "census-2024",
      "agency": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "title": "2024 Presidential Election Voting and Registration Tables Now Available",
      "url": "https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025/2024-presidential-election-voting-registration-tables.html",
      "published_on": "2025-04-30",
      "checked_on": "2026-10-11",
      "locator": "Press release: 65.3% voting, 73.6% registration, estimated 154m voters and 174m registered"
    }
  ]
}